Prescript
Things are hard. My hatred of the human race was once again touched upon yesterday.
I went to a Speak Out Against Psychiatry, Winvisible and independent activist’s protest. The poor, the mentally ill and other disadvantaged groups are victims of unfairness and inequality across a wide number of domains including the UK’s so-called justice system.
Perhaps the worst injustice is the medico-legal framework which allows doctors to commit crimes on their patients. I was reminded what a high value the criminal justice system places on innocence, so much so it allows the guilty to go free because their system is biased towards protecting the innocent. This bias nor the rigour of jurisprudence is afforded to the mentally ill because the cultural prejudice is firmly rooted in considering us subhuman and considering doctors as akin to god.
Anyway, on with whatever the title says.
Syndromes and phenotypes
Current mental health diagnosis relies on a syndrome approach which seeks to identify homogeneous types. It’s been a failure especially with respect to homogenous outcomes and treatment response.
As time has past these typings have evolved with the constant change in social norms since psychiatry was invented – a clear warning sign of the lack of science. It doesn’t mean it’s all been a waste.
understanding cognitive differences and discrimination
I looked into some information for a legal test case and through this work I learned a lot about reasonable adjustments for mental illness guaranteed by law.
They were inadequate. I don’t know if I can talk about the details of the case but I can talk about existing psychiatric research into what is termed ‘cognitive deficits’ though I prefer to call them differences.
Psychiatric research into cognitive differences underpins the syndrome approach and there’s an internal psychiatric movement to make cognitive tests part of clinical diagnosis.
I’m writing this off the top of my head so bear with me please. One area in schizophrenia is deficits in working memory. This is temporary memory. It can be used to store the cost of groceries as items are tallied up to estimate the total.
I’ve been lucky to have exceptional keyboard skills so I can whip through work given the right workstation. Ctrl-C and Alt-Tab are two of my most valued Windows keyboard shortcuts. The copy command is well known but the switch Windows one isn’t. They’re what I use to overcome my limited working memory.
If I didn’t have this little bit of computing knowledge I’d perform much worse when working memory was required. Let’s say I had to enter a written document onto a computer. My limited working memory means I’d be entering small bits of the text a few words at a time whereas someone else could hold whole sentences in their working memory and not have to keep glancing back at the original document.
This mental difference is associated with poorer performance in a job which requires working memory and it’s part of the syndrome described in psychiatric research.
Another facet is called ‘Theory of the Mind’ (TM) and relates to understanding other people’s emotions. The obvious aspect of this is paranoia. Small, unintentioned slights become construed as deliberate harm or insult to a person experiencing this sort of paranoia. I think it cuts both ways and people with this TM aspect perceive deliberate insults as minor or unintended slights. They turn the other cheek. This may all be related to the sort of autistic quality of the schizo-spectrum type. The cause is related to lack of understanding of facial and physical communications which requires the mind to guess whereas other mind types can easily differentiate between sarcasm and truth.
There’s obviously an impact on employment. Poor TM can lead to inappropriate behaviour, the worst of which will end up with someone having to face disciplinary procedures. These in themselves are traumatic and, in my opinion, are rooted in old social practices which reinforce mental health discrimination.
Reasonable and unreasonable adjustments
These are two examples of what psychiatrists call cognitive deficits and I’ve demonstrated how they can affect employment.
At the time of this legal case there were lists of reasonable adjustments published in a variety of documents relating to employing people with mental health problems. Unfortunately it was the most recent publication which had a far fuller list of reasonable adjustments than those which existed at the time the incident happened so there was no way an organisation (specifically the human resources department) could have known what to do.
However none of the established reasonable adjustments would cover the two cognitive deficits I’ve mentioned in this piece which are part of the cause of the severe disability associated with schizo-spectrum disorders.
I’m not sure things could easily be done to adjust for these disabilities. Let’s take the problem of aberrant behaviour caused by paranoia. This is a practical barrier to any role which requires someone to interact with people on behalf of an organisation. It is also a barrier in modern organisations where all employees are expected to adhere to a high behavioural standard all the time.
Excusing the mentally ill from these expectations is necessary to allow their entry to and continued employment. The issue many people would contend is this is unfair on those who do have to adhere to codes of conduct. The risk to an organisation’s brand image is a real business need too.
This is where things get hazy in terms of the spirit and the letter of the equality laws. How far must an adjustment go before it is considered an unreasonable adjustment? There are significant barriers beyond attitudinal ones which create the severe negative prognosis of severe mental illness.
The psychiatric construct of mental illness explains disability as prognosis. In fact the paradigm could be widened to include a wide range of human differences which suffer disadvantage because of an unequal society rife with prejudice and discrimination.
This is all a product of historical inequity. Culture is as much to blame as any individual because it’s permeated with discrimination. It seems every generation sees some small advances and the occasional giant leap advancing towards equality but there are still more advances necessary, especially for the mentally ill.
unreasonable adjustments
At least one culture has accepted the terrible cultural guilt which should exist after historical formal oppression is recognised and ended.
South Africa was a pariah in the modern world till apartheid ended. In recognition of the terrible crime their culture committed and the resulting barriers faced by those they’d once oppressed they instituted Affirmative Action, an unreasonable adjustment, rather than any lesser protocol.
Reasonable adjustments are a realistic, practical tool and are ineffective for all but a few of those disadvantaged by psychosocial disability and other differences. Most of the best paid or most powerful jobs are still dominated by white males under the age of 65 who have no recognised disability and certainly no where near the severity of disability associated with psychotic disorders.
The mentally ill have suffered at the hands of Western culture for hundreds of years. Their value has been cast aside for generations and even today they’re still considered subhuman, for example by the so-called justice system. The Disability Discrimination Act did little to alter the significant employment discrimination faced by people with severe mental illness.
There wasn’t the sense of guilt to force radical change as was instituted in post-apartheid South Africa. Even the new unified legislation, the Equalities Act, was not an implement of suitable strength to ramrod the necessary level of change. It still relies on reasonable adjustments to move a mountain.
equality first: moving mountains
Some of you may have already read about a project I call Equality First. It was conceived with the purpose of dramatically improving employment equality because the current system was an abject failure.
The new Equalities Act had no teeth but I think there’s a legal equality duty which goes beyond the letter of the law. This piece of legislation was pathetic because it still retained the old, ineffective paradigm and values of the legislations it replaced and the supporting case law.
It was no revolution nor paradigm shift and reasonable adjustments were it’s main protocol.
Things weren’t, for example, measured. At the core of the original Equality First idea, way before it even took on a working title, was the development of a measurement tool.
I have a scientific background and there’s no better summary of one of the core principles than ‘we can not hope to change what we cannot or do not measure’ (this isn’t the exact quote).
This is based on the underlying assumption that the spirit of the equality laws is to create an equal society rather than simply a piece of paper to show the government is trying. It was given no teeth which makes me suspect the latter but perhaps this is just a case where Hanlon’s Razor applies.
The equation and the associated application of basic performance management theory was a way to make the Equalities Act a genuine tool of equality. It is more powerful than reasonable adjustments though delivering a minimum standard of adjustments and processes is essential to Equality First’s objectives.
It is obviously the ‘velvetted glove’ of Affirmative Action but though the oppression is similar the same cultural guilt conditions don’t exist and I suspect there will be resistance to the paradigm shift.
The paradigm shift is to stop nipping at the problem but rather to eliminate the prejudice and discrimination with extreme prejudice. Sorry. That was a crap sentence where I’m trying to be smarmy and too clever. Let me try it again.
Civilisations has inched and occasionally leapt a little closer to equality and employment equality. Black people are no longer slaves but still don’t make it to many senior roles. Women are no longer second rate citizens but are still underrepresented in echelons of power. The mad have not yet had their liberation in the same way these two groups have experience giant leaps towards equality. The era of community care still suppressed madness and caged victims in prisons created by psychiatric drugs.
Equality First is one of my solutions to ending this terrible, undiscovered injustice. What’s yours?
postscript
I’ve spent the morning writing this up and I’m glad of the small break away from the genetics problem I’ve been wrestling with. It’s hard going facing my intellectual inadequacy. I gently sob about it occasionally.
Onwards. Wearily onwards. Till the eternal sleep finally gives me rest.